Senior Project free essay sample

Brittany Larkin My Name is Brittany Larkin and for my senior project I have chosen to do How Music Impacts Drugs on My Community. My motivation for this project is that todays society has changed over the years, and more and more I see not only some of my fellow classmates, and my friends, but my family members usage of drugs impact over the years.One day Im walking home from school and a group of young boys about my title brothers age so I say about 11-12 years old smoking and rapping I said wait hold up please let me roll up and thinking to myself did that music make them want to smoke drugs or was It the drugs that decided the type of music they listened to. More and more new songs about drugs have come out come out for example the molly dance, and I myself have noticed ever since the song has been released more and more people find It fascinating to want to do a Molly because It seemed cool ND the rappers. Because of the irregular hours and unsteady work, many musicians choose not to perform.Some teach at music schools or conservatories. Others teach in colleges or secondary or elementary schools. These musician-teachers provide instruction in music appreciation, music theory, and voice or give lessons on individual instruments. Musicians who understand the mechanics of their instruments may do repairs and tuning. Libraries for the performing arts hire musicians as librarians. Music libraries in schools and in radio and television stations also employ musicians. Some musicians give music therapy to emotionally and physically disabled people and to the aged.Almost all professional musicians begin their training at an early age. They intention to study for many years, either privately with a music teacher or in a music school. Technical skill and man lull dexterity are necessary for playing an instrument well, but mechanical skill is not enough. Musicians should have an ear, or ability to hear differences in pitch, as well as a feeling for the style of the music they play. In addition, some kinds of music, such as jazz, require the ability to improvise. Musicians should also possess strong mental and physical discipline. Only through long years of study do musicians gain a thorough knowledge of music and the ability to interpret it. Besides developing their musical abilities, musicians must acquire poise and stage presence. They must be strong enough to handle long hours, travel engagements, auditions, and practice sessions. After studying with one teacher for a number of years, a student may wish to study at a conservatory, or special school for musicians. Many schools accept students on the basis of auditions. Only those judged to be the most promising are accepted.As students at the college and university level, musicians follow a course of study either in instrument or in voice: both areas include music history and theory, USIA interpretation, composition, and conducting as well as performance. A conservatory degree or a bachelors degree in music allows a musician to pursue the state certification needed for elementary and secondary school teaching positions. Either a masters or a doctoral degree in music is generally required for college and university staff positions; however, some schools make exceptions for well-qualified musicians.Prospective musicians should perform as much as possible, playing with a local band and taking advantage of any opportunity to gain experience with professionals. Some beginning Caucasians and singers form their own bands. This experience may lead to auditions for other, more professional groups. College placement offices and music department staff may help students find a job teaching music in a school or to individual students. Trade and industry publications such as Variety and Show Business Weekly often carry notices of auditions. They sometimes list agents who help book musical talent as well.Agents help musicians find jobs and help producers find musical talent in exchange for a percentage of the musicians earnings. In all cases, getting that first break squires time, patience, and a great deal of talent and determination on the part of the musician. Jobs in the musical industry are expected to grow at an average rate through 2014. Many classical musicians compete for the few positions with one of the major symphony orchestras, metropolitan and regional orchestras, or the hundreds of other smaller orchestras in the country.Stable employment can be found in recording studio work or as a teacher of music in a conservatory, school, or college. Many part-time musicians supplement their incomes by giving private lessons. For this season, it is expected that there will be more than enough music teachers to meet the demand for private instruction. There will be openings as musicians leave the field, but because of intense competition only the most talented are likely to find regular employment. Musicians salaries vary widely.According to the Occupational Employment Statistics survey of 2004, the median salary for musicians is $17. 85 per hour. The median hourly wage in performing arts companies is $20. 70 and $12. 17 in religious organizations. Many performing musicians belong to the American Federation of Musicians. As of 2004 minimum salaries for musicians playing in major symphony orchestras ranged from $700 to $2,080 per week. These musicians are also guaranteed at least a seasons work, which may last up to fifty-two weeks.Metropolitan and regional orchestras generally have a shorter season. Many musicians face intermittent periods of unemployment, reducing their yearly income considerably. As a rule, musicians work for more than one employer and supplement their incomes with other types of jobs. Musicians have long and irregular work schedules. Besides daily practice and rehearsals for new pieces, they may work days, nights, and weekends. Musicians must be willing to travel to give performances across the country or around the world.Hip hop is a form of popular music thats comprised mainly of emceeing and decaying. The other two components that complete the four elements of hip- hop are graffiti and breakfasting. As hip-hop evolves into big business, the four elements (emceeing, decaying, graffiti, and breakfasting) are constantly being merged with others like clothing trends, slang, and general mindset. Rap is a form of music that stemmed from hip-hop culture. Hip hop is a lifestyle with its own lingo, dress code, etc. In the words of KIRKS-One, hip-hop s something you live, rap is something you do. A product Of cross-cultural integration, rap is deeply rooted within ancient African culture and oral tradition. Hip-hop is believed to have originated in the Bronx by a Jamaican DC named Cool Here Heres style of decaying involved reciting rhymes over instrumentals. At house parties, Here would rap with the microphone, using myriad of in-house references. Duplicates of Heroes house parties soon drifted through Brooklyn, Manhattan. Here and other block party Ads helped spread the message of hip-hop around town and spawned tons of followers. Hip-hop as a musical melting pot is still evolving.It has become more eclectic, borrowing from soul, jazz and live instrumentation with the likes of De La Soul, A Tribe Called Quest, and most recently Kenya West championing the soulful rap movement. Additionally, raps potential for political advocacy stems from the function of its predecessors, African-American rhyming games, as forms of resistance to systems of subjugation and slavery. Rhyming games encoded race relations between African-American slaves and their white masters in a way that allowed them to pass the scrutiny of suspicious overseers.Additionally, rhyming games allowed slaves to use their creative intellect to provide inspiration and entertainment. For example, by characterizing the slave as a rabbit and the master as a fox, Beer Rabbit tales disguised stories of slaves outwitting their masters and escaping plantations behind the facade of a comical adventure. Hip-hop journalist Dave D connects the African oral tradit ion to modern rap: You see, the slaves were smart and they talked in metaphors. They would be killed if the slave masters heard them speaking in unfamiliar tongues.So they did what modern-day rappers dothey flexed their lyrical skills. 7 Rap has developed as a form of resistance to the subjugation of working-class African-Americans in urban centers. Though it may be seen primarily as a form of entertainment, rap has the powerful potential to address social, economic, and political issues and act as a unifying voice for its audience. Cool Here and DC Hollywood are given credit for introducing the Jamaican style of cutting and mixing into the musical culture of the South Bronx.Here was the first DC to buy two copies of the same record for just a 1 5-second break (instrumental segment) in the middle. By mixing back and forth between the two copies he as able to double, triple, or endlessly extend the break. By doing this, Here made the turntable a musical instrument. While he was mixing with two turntables, Here would also perform with the microphone in Jamaican style?joking, boasting, and using all around group references. Heres parties soon gained notice and were recorded on cassette tapes.Copies of the tapes quickly made their way through the Bronx, Brooklyn, and uptown Manhattan, creating a number of similar DC acts. Among the new Ads was Africa Bumboat, the first Black Muslim in rap. Bumboat often waged in sound-system battles with Here. The sound yester competitions Were held in city parks, where hot-wired Street lamps supplied electricity, or at local clubs. Bumboat would sometimes mix sounds from rock-music and television shows into the standard funk and disco advance that Here and most of his followers relied on.By the sass any sound source was considered useable and rap artists borrowed sounds from such disparate sources as Israeli folk music, bebop jazz records, and television news broadcasts. In 1976 Grandmaster Flash introduced the technique of quick mixing, in which sound bites as short as one or two seconds are combined for a unique effect. Shortly after Flash introduced quick mixing, his partner Grandmaster Melee Mel composed the first extended stories in rap. Up to this point, most of the words heard over the work of disc jockeys had been improvised phrases and expressions.In 1978 DC Grand Wizard Theodore introduced scratching of records to produce rhythmic patterns. In 1979 the first two rap records appeared: King Tim l by the Fatback Band, and Rappers Delight, by Sugarbird Gang. A series of verses by the three members of Sugarbird Gang, Rappers Delight became a national hit, reaching number 36 on the Billboard magazine popular music charts. The spoken content, mostly bragging spiced with fantasy, came largely from material used by the earlier rappers.The background for Rappers Delight was supplied by studio musicians, who copied the basic groove of the hit song Good Times (1979) by a disco group Chic. Sampling brought into question the ownership of the new sound. Some artists claimed that by sampling recordings of black artist they were challenging white corporate America and the recording industry right to own black cultural expression. Rap artists were also challenging other musicians right to own, control, and be given credit for the use of their creations. By the early most artists requested permission for the use of samples.

School Uniform free essay sample

Uniform is a standard set of clothes that is worn by a group of people. They may be members of an organization or a group of people having the same ideas. There may be thousands kinds of uniform in the world. Students, police officers, doctors, lawyers, teacher, security guards and many others will wear uniform when they are on duty. Boys uniforms often consist of dark trousers and light-colored shirt, maybe a jacket in cold weather. A girls uniform might consist of a skirt and blouse, and also a jacket in winter time. However, it seems that more and more people say that it may not be necessary for students wearing their school uniform. People debate on this issue for many times. There are certain reasons why a student should wear uniform to go to school. School uniform is identification for students. It is a respect to the school. In addition, wearing uniform can show the tidiness and discipline of the school, decrease discrimination among peers. We will write a custom essay sample on School Uniform or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore, it can save the students’ time on choosing what to wear to school. It is a place for study, not a place for fashion. Students should concentrate on their study but not their clothes. On the contrary, there are voices from the students saying that there will be more freedom wearing casual clothes. They also say that uniforms are expensive and ugly, and even some of them say that they feel shameful when they wearing those ugly clothes walking on the streets. Is that really so bad to wear uniform to school. Let us have a deeper look at those reasons. Firstly, a uniform represents the school. A person wearing a set of uniform represents that he/she is a student. Uniform is the symbol of students. Just as a doctor wearing his white jacket, when he puts on his jacket, it means that he is a doctor. It is the same as the police, lawyers and so on. Most of the jobs and careers required employees to wear certain kind of uniform. An office manager wears a business suit. A sailor wears a set of sailor outfit. A lawyer wears a wig and a dark gown. A garbadgeman wears is special clothes. Careers which you can think of need to wear uniform to show their professionals. Students should also wear a school uniform to indicate their identity, and show the respect to their schools. A person wears his/her uniform well to show the respect to his/her career. Therefore, a school uniform is necessary for students. Secondly, wearing a school uniform can show the unity and tidiness of the school. Many people say that there are too many rules in school. It is not easy to follow all the rules and standards of the school. This will increase the burdens of the students. I strongly disagree with this point of view. A school is a place to learn knowledge, discipline and self-control. The whole school learn the same things, wear the same set of uniform, there are no differences between students. This â€Å"burden† is shared by the whole school. The whole school is the same and the uniform is just like a â€Å"promise† of the school. Once you wear the uniform and enter the school, all students will be equal. No matter you are rich or poor, pretty or ugly, tall or short; the requirement is the same, to learn what you should know. A school is a place for students to learn, to study. Students should concentrate on their studies but not what they wear. Lastly, school uniform can keep out some unnecessary disturbance on students’ studies. For example, if the students need not to wear their school uniform, those who are richer will wear the most expensive brand names while those who are not so wealthy will wear some casual clothes to school. Then, school will become a fashion show. Students will compare their clothes and styles. Those richer students may tease on those who wear some usual clothes. Sometimes, even they will gather to form group, laugh at others or discuss their clothes. Even though those rich students do not laugh at other classmates. Those not wealthy students will feel inferior or self-abased on themselves. This causes much harmless to those students’ studies and self-esteem. To put this aside, we assume that students will not tease at others. There is still a very unhealthy phenomenon we need to look into. Students tend to spend more time on choosing the clothes for school. A survey says that an American high-school student starts his usual day at about 7 am. The first thing comes up to him is to choose what should he wears to school for the day. America is a good example of not wearing uniform to school; however, it is found out that students spend more time on choosing clothes rather than having a leisure breakfast. Is that really wise to not wear school uniform to school. There are voices from students and parents saying that the cost of the uniform is very high and not worthy. But wearing different clothes to school is also a chance for students to buy more clothes. Uniform may need only a few sets of them for the whole year. Wearing casual clothes will need not only a few sets, maybe a dozen of them. It is because nobody is willing to wear similar clothes all the day other than uniform. The cost will be higher than buying a few sets of them. These few sets will turn into the most precious memories in their life. As a conclusion, wearing uniform is always better choice for students rather than wearing casual clothes. Uniform can represents the identification of students, the respect to the school and also the respect of being a student. And also, uniform can show the unity of students of the school. This can teach the students to learn discipline and self-control. To endure something they do not accept can steel them. And also, uniform can lower some unnecessary problems. Students will not compare themselves on the brands or styles of their casual clothes. Every student is fair in the school no matter how they are different in background. They can also save more time for study rather than wasting time to choose what they should wear for school. A lower cost of clothing can save the money for the parents for better use. With the above strong evidence, I strongly agree that students should wear uniform to school.

Academic Dishonesty 10 Essays

Academic Dishonesty 10 Essays Academic Dishonesty 10 Essay Academic Dishonesty 10 Essay services and methods to reduce the amount of academic cheating or at least dissuade some students from using technology to cheat. Some of the technologies that are used to thwart cheaters are website like Turnitin. com, use the Internet to disseminate disinformation, and even the extreme of electronic cages. The availability of texts on-line makes it far easier for students to cheat. The technology has been manipulated to address Internet plagiarism (Sheridan, 2005). There are now websites that check uploaded papers to see if the contents are plagiarized. Teachers no longer need to know their students’ writing styles or the breadth of their vocabulary to detect plagiarism (Niell, 2006). The main service among plagiarism detection web sites is Turnitin. com. The service checks around 70,000 papers a day from both high schools and universities (Niell, 2006). Turnitin. com is also the underlying website that is used for University of Phoenix’s Plagiarism Checker. Institutions are signing on to the Turnitin. com service at fairly fast pace. The service makes a digital fingerprint of papers submitted and compares that fingerprint against a database. The papers are then scored for percentage of plagiarized wording. All submitted works become part of the database as well (Sheridan, 2005). This technology is impressive and will contribute to academic honesty, but two issues arise from this service. First, academic honesty is based on an honor code. The honor code is built on trust. Submitting all papers to a plagiarism website fosters a culture of guilty until proven innocent (McCarroll, 2001). Also, there are some grumblings from students about Turnitin. com. The claim is Turnitin. com is misusing their intellectual property by incorporating all submitted papers into the services repository (Pereira, 2006). This service may stem the tide of Internet based plagiarism. Some professors have taken the cheating epidemic into their own hands. They have used the Internet against the very students that use it to cheat. Professors at University of Maryland posted responses to 30 test questions. The responses were riddled with false answers (Read, 2004). Of the 400 students taking the test 12 had copied the answers directly. Staff at the university applauded the professors’ scheme, but some professors and students are claiming the professors actions are ethically questionable (Read, 2006). Posting incorrect answers on the web uses the Internet to employ an old strategy of misinformation. Another way to curb cheating is to block cell phone use. Since the mobile phone is one of the main devices used to cheat during test, some education institutions have looked into electronic cages or Faraday cages (Meilke, 2006). The Faraday cage is named after the physicist Michael Faraday. The cage or shield could be constructed around test halls to prevent mobile devices from receiving outside transmissions (Meilke, 2006). The cage would prevent any electromagnetic fields form penetrating the test hall. This would render all mobile communication useless (Yaqoob, 2006). The problem with this technology is that some students have good cause to carry a cell phone and may need to receive an important call from family. Another way to deter mobile communication would be to use metal detecting devices or other equipment to sense wireless phone transmissions (Yaqoob, 2006). Conclusion Most students recognize the need for a good education and therefore conduct themselves honorably. Academic dishonesty has created a challenging situation for educators. The misuse of well-intended technology has further contributed to the proliferation of inappropriate academic behavior. But for those individuals who attempt to excel scholastically, or simply to attain average performance, by adopting dishonest practices, measures have to be taken to stem the tide. Many learning institutions have implemented standards of academic behavior that is shared with all students, education on the various forms of cheating or plagiarism, and the punishment that would be exacted upon the offenders. By so doing, a clear message is sent to those brazenly dishonest people, while allowing fair-minded students to derive the benefits of a wholesome education. References Barlow, D. (2006). The teachers lounge. Education Digest, 71(9), 40-43. Retrieved October 7, 2006, from the Academic Search Premier database. Cell phone penetration to climb higher. (Brief Article). (2005, July 22). KiplingerForecasts, 1, 3. Retrieved October 6, 2006, from InfoTrac OneFile via Thomson Gale: http://find. galegroup. com/ips/infomark. do? contentSet=IAC-Documentstype=retrievetabID=T003prodId=IPSdocId=A136155835source=galeuserGroupName=uphoenixversion=1. 0 Cox, A. (2006, October). Communication 101: Cell phones, text messages are changing the way people relate. Gainesville Times Website. Retrieved October 1, 2006, from gainesvilletimes. com/news/stories/20061001/localnews/127757. shtml Gross-Davis, B. Preventing Academic Dishonesty. [Online chapter HTML from the book Tools for Teaching] Retrieved September 27, 2006, from ttp://teaching. berkeley. edu/bgd/prevent. html Heyman, J. D. , Swertlow, F. , Ballard, M. , Barnes, S. , Duffy, T. , Gray, L. , Farrell-Mailander, J. , Harvey-Rosenberg, S. , Pang, D. , Shepherd, A. (2005, January 24). Psssst Whats the answer? No problem. Some teachers worry high-tech electronics, mixed with old-fashioned sneakiness, are making cheating easier and more widespread than eve r before. (Cheating in the Classroom). People Weekly, 63, p108. Retrieved October 19, 2006, from Academic OneFile via Thomson Gale Kleiner, C. , Lord, M. (1999, Nov 22). The cheating game. U. S. News World Report, 127, p55. Retrieved October 19, 2006, from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center via Thomson Gale Laird, E. (2001). We all pay for internet plagiarism. Education Digest, 67(3), 56-60. Retrieved October 07, 2006, from the Proquest database. McCarroll, C. (2001). Beating web cheaters at their own game. Christian Science Monitor, 93(192), 16. Retrieved October 1, 2006, from the Academic Search Premier database. Meilke, J. (2006). School exam cheats turn to technology. The Guardian Website. Retrieved October 1, 2006, from guardian. co. uk/uk_news/story/0,,1880089,00. tml Morton, A. , Tarica, E. (2006, September 30). Web offers cheats tailor-made assignments. The Age. Retrieved October 18, 2006, from theage. com. au/news/national/web-offers-cheats-tailormade-assignments/2006/09/29/1159337339350. html? page=fullpage#contentSwap1 Nelson, H. (2006). University of California Santa Barbara website. The Academic Dishonesty Question: A Guide to an Answer through Education, P revention, Adjudication, and Obligation. (2006). Retrieved September 27, 2006, from http://hep. ucsb. edu/people/hnn/conduct/disq. html Niell, B. , Lim, S. (2006, October). Manatee schools confront cheatings multimillion-dollar industry. Herald Today Website. Retrieved October 1, 2006, from bradenton. com/mld/bradenton/news/local/15651386. html Pereira, L. (2006, October). Conspiracy Theory: Who’s the thief? Anti-plagiarism Web service turns students into Tom Cruise. The Breeze: James Madison University Student Newspaper, Retrieved October 1, 2006, from thebreeze. org/2006/10-02/op2. html Plagairism. (2005). Plagairism_stats. Retreived October 19, 2006, from plagiarism. org/plagiarism_stats. html Read, B. (2004), Wired for

the essay

the essay the essay Case Commentary 3 Scource: washingtonpost.com/business/on-small-business/obama-administration-again-delays-health-plan-flexibility-option-for-small-businesses/2014/03/05/238721f2-a48a-11e3-84d4-e59b1709222c_story.html Section 1: This article is about how the Obama administration is pushed back the option of choosing different coverage plans till 2015 for businesses. This delay has major impacts on small businesses. With the administration saying that this option of choosing different coverage plans for the employees of small businesses would be ready by the end of this year it hurts the small companies. Because this option of choosing different types of health plans have only been available to large corporations and small businesses have one health insurance plan with several administration difficulties. Section 2a: This is a moral issue because they are going back on their word. They have stated over and over again how this option of choosing health care plans for small business employees would be available at the end of this year and it isn’t. They keep pushing back the date and it is affecting businesses. Section 2b: The correlation of the moral problem to business is that legislators are manipulating this process. They are the ones that keep pushing back the dates that this feature will be open to small businesses. The legislation keeps telling them one date and pushing them back. It is making it hard for people that have small businesses and The Essay The Essay The first thing i noticed aout this book that really disturbed and upset me was the tension and difference between the Pashtuns and the Hazzaras. This theme was an important one because it contributed to the injustice brought upon Hassan on several occasions throughout the novel. One example is that Hassan is a household servant for Amir and Baba, simple because he was born Hazzara, which is of a lower class than the Pashtuns. Another example is the way that Assef treats Hassan. Assef treats Hassan in such a horrioble digrading manner not only because he is a sociopath but also because Hassan is a Hazzara, and so Assef sees Hassan as someone who is below him and therefore is considered trash compared to himself. It amazed me that people could be so degrading of one another and that they could simply ignore another right to free will and free speech. Segregation of such a degree is not common in our society and so it amazed me that things could be this intense in other countries . Another thing i noticed and was intrigued by was the relationship between Amir and Baba. From the beggining i could tell that the relationship was going to be strained and that that would be a large part of the conflict in the book. Although Amir did not always feel it, Baba was quite an amazing man whom i was quite impressed by. He did all the things people said he could not do. Though he had no training as an architect, he designed and built an orphanage. Though people said he had no business sense, he became one of the most successful businessmen in the city. Though nobody thought he would marry well because he wasn’t from a prominent family, he married Amir’s mother, Sofia Akrami, a beautiful, intelligent woman who came from a royal bloodline. I could completley understand why Amir looked up to Baba so much and why he craved his love. I could relate to this theme very well because i was raised by my father and i remember when i was younger how i looked up to him and how i thought that he was capable of anything, that he was the strongest person aloive and that he was fantastic. My relationship with my father had a huge impact on my childhood and on the kind of person i am today. By the end of Baba’s life, he and Amir pretty much reunited and so i was very happy to see that. Something i found ironic about the book was how prevalent American culture was in the country during

Ways of Protecting The Environment (Classification Essay) Essay

Ways of Protecting The Environment (Classification ) - Essay Example Energy conservation can be achieved in a number of ways. Firstly, ensuring that all electrical appliances such as computers, radios, televisions, and lights are switched off when not in use ensures that wastage of energy is minimized. Secondly, it is also important to unplug all electrical appliances from sockets even when they have been switched off to avoid wasting energy. Electrical appliances such as phone and laptop charges can use up energy when left plugged in sockets, even when the sockets are switched off. Thirdly, changing to energy saving bulbs such as LED or fluorescent light bulbs will save a lot of energy compared to using the conventional light bulbs. Fourthly, energy can also be saved when people avoid making use of electronic exercise machines such as treadmills and instead engage in other physical activities such as jogging, walking, riding real bicycles or doing push-ups. Lastly, people can use heavy blankets when it gets cold instead of heating their rooms using e lectrical heaters (Farmer 5). Water conservation can happen when people ensure that taps are properly closed when not in use. Also, ensuring that taps are not dripping or leaking when closed can help save a lot of water that would have otherwise been lost through the trickles that would have dripped for a prolonged period of time. One can put a container under a dripping tap so that the dripping water can be fetched and used later instead of going to waste by simply dripping down the drain. Water can also be conserved when people take shorter showers or avoid filling their bathtubs to the maximum. Those with pools can use pool covers to reduce the amount of evaporation which will require them to refill their pools from time to time when a lot of evaporation has taken place. People can also avoid flushing toilets unnecessarily and only do so when it is really necessary. Recycling and conserving can be achieved by

Analysis of Amusing Ourselves to Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of Amusing Ourselves to Death - Essay Example Postman emphasizes the presentation of television news as a type of entertainment programming, claiming that addition of theme music, the disruption of commercials proving that television news lack seriousness. He further assesses the difference written speech, which he claims reached its optimum in the early and mid 19th century and the types of television communication, which depend majorly on visual images to advertise lifestyles (Riley 19). He further claims that the change in public communication, politics stooped to concentrate on a candidate’s opinions and solutions to diverse problems but rather whether he is liked when on television. In addition, he claims the television has lost its meaning of delivering news as expected by viewers but rather concentrate on the idea of earning profit. The linked between the topic discussed and the problem in hand is no longer experienced. Postman uses Epistemology to decipher the origin of knowledge and how it interrelates to connected concepts and ideas such as truth, belief and justification. Politics is anther word used by Postman to mean the world of leadership and governance and the media has recently not concentrated on providing viewers with ample political news (Riley 19). Age of reason is another word Postman uses in his argument which meant that people in the recent century have matured and they know how differentiate between quality news and news that do not provide enough information as required. Postman uses entertainment premise to base his argument about the falling entertainment world. He claims that entertainment Medias have concentrated on providing commercials to viewers promoting the advertising business. The industry forgets the purpose of news altogether failing, to fulfill the needs of the viewers who expect to be provided with news assessing what the world is going through or what is

Individual Work Motivation Essay Example for Free

Individual Work Motivation Essay Be it a multi-national company or a small superstore right down the corner of your house, motivated and energetic employees are a pre-requisite everywhere in order to reach the zenith of excellence, success and prosperity. In accordance with a research paper rooting out from The Ohio State Universitys Piketon Research and Extension Center and Enterprise Center, enthusiastic employees are desired for the survival and efficiency of a particular organization. (Lindner J. R. 1984) An assortment of theories exist which suggests the reasons that why the employees in this organization were unable to be energized and elated to perform better and portray their true potential and ability in the training program which was chalked out by their respective organization. (Lindner J. R. , 1984) Theories and their implications To begin with, expectancy theory is a theory that has been drafted out by Victor Vroom who belongs to the Yale school of Management. This theory aptly states that employees in any company would be highly motivated if they firmly believe that more hard work and better performance would succumb to better results, improved outcomes and enhanced rewards such as a tremendous increase in one’s salary or fringe benefits. (Vroom, n. d) Vroom also throws lights on this exceptionally important fact that an employee’s motivation and hence his or her performance is based on numerous factors such as aptitude, skills, personality, experience and the amount of knowledge that he or she possesses. Following this, the attention is now turned to the reinforcement theory of motivation. This theory was chalked out by B. F. Skinner and his accomplices. The foundation of this theory is the â€Å"law effect†. This means that an individual behavior have a tendency to be repeated if the consequences and the rewards are positive and tends to declines if the consequence are negative. Some of the note-worthy elements of the reinforcement theory are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction. Re-inforcement theories Keeping these two considerably significant theories in mind, the employees at this particular organization are unable to execute well in the training program because they are provided with less rewards and less positive consequences. Their performance in the training program is not co-related with the rewards that they would receive. Each employee is paid the same amount for attending the program, whether that employee is motivated or not, had passed the exam or not. Hence, employees are not at all passionate and energetic for performing well in the program. Following this, the employees are allowed to retake the training till the time they pass the exam. This policy makes the employees motivated to give out their hundred percent at the training program. Recommendations Keeping all these factors into consideration, managers of this organization should tightly relate the rewards with the performance and should make use of the theory of positive reinforcement. Managers should also make sure that the rewards are those that are valued by their employees and are desired by them. Employees should be given the necessary support to boost up their motivation and enthusiasm, such as a mentor or a human resource manager. Last but not the least, negative reinforcement should be used as tool to motivate the employees by informing them that not performing up to a benchmark and hence not passing the training would result in negative rewards such a decrease in one’s pay or the cutting down on some of the fringe benefits.